See -isch on Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"lang_code": "af",
"word": "-ies"
},
{
"lang": "Indonesian",
"lang_code": "id",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-is"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"-isch",
"-isch#German:_adjective"
],
[
"-s",
"-s#Dutch"
],
[
"-sch",
"-sch#Dutch"
],
[
"-ish",
"-ish#English"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "de",
"3": "-isch<id:adjective>"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from German -isch",
"name": "bor+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from German -isch. The native Dutch cognates are -s, earlier -sch. The pronunciation /is/ is due to an earlier pronunciation standard, by which all German vowels were to be tense. (The contemporary German standard pronunciation is /ɪʃ/.) More at -ish.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ischer",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "meest -isch",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ischt",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "nl-decl-adj",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-isch",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"adverbial",
"positive",
"predicative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ischer",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"adverbial",
"comparative",
"predicative"
]
},
{
"form": "het -ischt",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"adverbial",
"predicative",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "het -ischte",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"adverbial",
"predicative",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ische",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"positive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ischere",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"feminine",
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ischte",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"singular",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "-isch",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"neuter",
"positive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ischer",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"indefinite",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ischte",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"neuter",
"singular",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ische",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"plural",
"positive"
]
},
{
"form": "-ischere",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ischte",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"plural",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ische",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"positive"
]
},
{
"form": "-ischere",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"definite"
]
},
{
"form": "-ischte",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "-isch",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"partitive",
"positive"
]
},
{
"form": "-ischers",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"partitive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"partitive",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ies",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-isch (adjective-forming suffix, comparative -ischer, superlative meest -isch or -ischt)",
"name": "nl-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "nl-decl-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "32 35 33",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 15 15 2 6 18 5 14 1 3 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 15 15 1 5 19 5 16 1 2 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 15 15 2 5 17 5 13 1 4 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "elektrolyt (“electrolyte”) + -isch → elektrolytisch (“electrolytic”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "behaviorist (“behaviorist”, noun) + -isch → behavioristisch (“behaviorist”, adjective)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "utopie (“utopia”) + -isch → utopisch (“utopian”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"-ic, -ian; forms relational adjectives from nouns"
],
"id": "en--isch-nl-suffix-7D5w8d65",
"links": [
[
"-ic",
"-ic"
],
[
"-ian",
"-ian"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "32 35 33",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 15 15 3 4 18 7 11 4 6 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle High German entries with etymology texts",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 16 16 2 4 19 6 11 3 5 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle High German entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 15 14 3 9 17 6 11 3 5 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle High German entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 14 15 2 6 18 5 13 2 6 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 15 15 2 6 18 5 14 1 3 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 15 15 1 5 19 5 16 1 2 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 15 15 2 5 17 5 13 1 4 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Egypte (“Egypt”) + -isch → Egyptisch (“Egyptian”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Belarus (“Belarus”) + -isch → Belarussisch (“Belarusian”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Californië (“California”) + -isch → Californisch (“Californian”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"-ian, -ese; forms demonym adjectives from proper nouns"
],
"id": "en--isch-nl-suffix-QZAZC1NU",
"links": [
[
"-ian",
"-ian"
],
[
"-ese",
"-ese"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/is/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪs/",
"note": "Some southern dialects"
}
],
"word": "-isch"
}
{
"etymology_links": [
[
"-isch",
"-isch#German:_adjective"
],
[
"-s",
"-s#Dutch"
],
[
"-sch",
"-sch#Dutch"
],
[
"-ish",
"-ish#English"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "de",
"3": "-isch<id:adjective>"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from German -isch",
"name": "bor+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from German -isch. The native Dutch cognates are -s, earlier -sch. The pronunciation /is/ is due to an earlier pronunciation standard, by which all German vowels were to be tense. (The contemporary German standard pronunciation is /ɪʃ/.) More at -ish.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ies",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "n"
},
"expansion": "-isch n (proper noun-forming suffix)",
"name": "nl-proper noun"
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "32 35 33",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "8 15 15 3 4 18 7 11 4 6 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle High German entries with etymology texts",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 16 16 2 4 19 6 11 3 5 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle High German entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 15 14 3 9 17 6 11 3 5 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle High German entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 14 15 2 6 18 5 13 2 6 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 15 15 2 6 18 5 14 1 3 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 15 15 1 5 19 5 16 1 2 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 15 15 2 5 17 5 13 1 4 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Egypte (“Egypt”) + -isch → Egyptisch (“Egyptian”, language)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Belarus (“Belarus”) + -isch → Belarussisch (“Belarusian”, language)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Etrusk (“Etruscan person”) + -isch → Etruskisch (“Etruscan”, language)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"-ian, -ese; forms names of languages from proper nouns"
],
"id": "en--isch-nl-suffix-wTuo~zc8",
"links": [
[
"-ian",
"-ian"
],
[
"-ese",
"-ese"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"neuter"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/is/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪs/",
"note": "Some southern dialects"
}
],
"word": "-isch"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"lang_code": "af",
"word": "-ies"
},
{
"lang": "Indonesian",
"lang_code": "id",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-is"
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-isch"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"lang_code": "af",
"word": "-ies"
},
{
"lang": "Indonesian",
"lang_code": "id",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-is"
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-ies"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"-isch",
"-isch#Middle_High_German:_adjective"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "gmh:-isch<id:adjective>",
"id": "adjective",
"text": "+"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-iskaz\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-isk\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old High German\", \"term\" : \"-isc\", \"lang\" : \"goh\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle High German\", \"term\" : \"-isch\", \"lang\" : \"gmh\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"German\", \"term\" : \"-isch\", \"lang\" : \"de\" }\" data-id=\"adjective\" data-lang=\"de\" data-title=\"-isch\" id=\"German:_adjective\">\nInherited from Middle High German -isch.",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "gmh:-isch<id:adjective>",
"id": "adjective",
"text": "+"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Middle High German -isch.",
"name": "etymon"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Middle High German -isch.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "adjective-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-isch",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "-'sch"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "-sch"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "-lich"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "-ig"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "48 52",
"kind": "other",
"name": "German entries with etymology texts",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"an adjectival suffix, often matching -ic and -ical"
],
"id": "en--isch-de-suffix-AbClC36h",
"links": [
[
"-ic",
"-ic#English"
],
[
"-ical",
"-ical#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "48 52",
"kind": "other",
"name": "German entries with etymology texts",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 82",
"kind": "other",
"name": "German entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "18 82",
"kind": "other",
"name": "German entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"of a nationality, or the language associated with a nationality; often matches -ish or -ian"
],
"id": "en--isch-de-suffix-vZOHqdrg",
"links": [
[
"-ish",
"-ish#English"
],
[
"-ian",
"-ian#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɪʃ/",
"tags": [
"standard"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/əʃ/",
"note": "in common speech",
"tags": [
"variant"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q188 (deu)-Frank C. Müller--isch.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/51/LL-Q188_%28deu%29-Frank_C._M%C3%BCller--isch.wav/LL-Q188_%28deu%29-Frank_C._M%C3%BCller--isch.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/51/LL-Q188_%28deu%29-Frank_C._M%C3%BCller--isch.wav/LL-Q188_%28deu%29-Frank_C._M%C3%BCller--isch.wav.ogg"
}
],
"word": "-isch"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-ish"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"raw_tags": [
"non-productive"
],
"word": "-s"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-ish"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "-is"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"raw_tags": [
"non-productive"
],
"word": "-s"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-ish"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "-isch"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"-isċ",
"-isc#Old_English"
],
[
"*-isk",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-isk"
],
[
"*-iskaz",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-iskaz"
],
[
"-ais",
"-ais#Old_French"
],
[
"-eis",
"-eis#Old_French"
],
[
"-isk",
"-isk#Old_Norse"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "ang:-isċ<id:-ish>",
"id": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-iskaz\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-isk\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"-isċ\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"-isch\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" }\" data-id=\"adjective\" data-lang=\"enm\" data-title=\"-isch\" id=\"Middle_English:_adjective\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-isċ",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old English -isċ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-isċ"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old English -isċ",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-isk"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-isk",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-iskaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-iskaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-ais"
},
"expansion": "Old French -ais",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "non",
"3": "-isk"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse -isk",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "ang:-isċ<id:-ish>",
"id": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English -isċ, from Proto-West Germanic *-isk, from Proto-Germanic *-iskaz, with some forms and senses influenced by Old French -ais, -eis and and Old Norse -isk.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-as",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ce",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ech",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-es",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-esh",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-eshe",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-esse",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ez",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ich",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-iche",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ichs",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-iȝsh",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijs",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-is",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-isc",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-isce",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ische",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ise",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ish",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ishe",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ishs",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-iske",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-issce",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-isse",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-sæ",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ych",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yche",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ychs",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yȝsh",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ys",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ysc",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ysce",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yse",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ysh",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yshe",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yshs",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yske",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yssce",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yssch",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yssche",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ysse",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yssh",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ysshe",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "adjective-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-isch",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "8 15 15 3 4 18 7 11 4 6 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle High German entries with etymology texts",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 16 16 2 4 19 6 11 3 5 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle High German entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 15 14 3 9 17 6 11 3 5 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle High German entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 14 15 2 6 18 5 13 2 6 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 15 15 2 6 18 5 14 1 3 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 15 15 1 5 19 5 16 1 2 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 15 15 2 5 17 5 13 1 4 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "42 14 34 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "42 14 35 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Affixed to proper nouns to form names of ethnic groups, languages, and nationalities."
],
"id": "en--isch-enm-suffix-kejU7S3r",
"links": [
[
"proper noun",
"proper noun#English"
],
[
"ethnic group",
"ethnic group#English"
],
[
"language",
"language#English"
],
[
"nationalities",
"nationality#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "42 14 35 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Affixed to nouns to form adjectives denoting similarity to the base noun."
],
"id": "en--isch-enm-suffix-mIVBAqoX",
"links": [
[
"noun",
"noun#English"
],
[
"adjective",
"adjective#English"
],
[
"denoting",
"denote#English"
],
[
"similarity",
"similarity#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "8 15 15 3 4 18 7 11 4 6 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle High German entries with etymology texts",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 16 16 2 4 19 6 11 3 5 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle High German entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 15 14 3 9 17 6 11 3 5 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle High German entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "9 14 15 2 6 18 5 13 2 6 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 15 15 2 6 18 5 14 1 3 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 15 15 1 5 19 5 16 1 2 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 15 15 2 5 17 5 13 1 4 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "42 14 35 8",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Affixed to place names to form demonyms."
],
"id": "en--isch-enm-suffix-UFgLklvJ",
"links": [
[
"place name",
"place name#English"
],
[
"demonym",
"demonym#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncommon) Affixed to place names to form demonyms."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"uncommon"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Late Middle English",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
}
],
"glosses": [
"Affixed to other adjectives to weaken the sense; rather, somewhat."
],
"id": "en--isch-enm-suffix-NflDRMhv",
"links": [
[
"adjective",
"adjective#English"
],
[
"weaken",
"weaken#English"
],
[
"sense",
"sense#English"
],
[
"rather",
"rather"
],
[
"somewhat",
"somewhat"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncommon, Late Middle English) Affixed to other adjectives to weaken the sense; rather, somewhat."
],
"tags": [
"Late-Middle-English",
"morpheme",
"uncommon"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-iʃ/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-is/",
"tags": [
"Northern",
"especially"
]
}
],
"word": "-isch"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"lang_code": "af",
"word": "-ies"
},
{
"lang": "Indonesian",
"lang_code": "id",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-is"
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-isch"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"lang_code": "af",
"word": "-ies"
},
{
"lang": "Indonesian",
"lang_code": "id",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-is"
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-ies"
}
],
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"word": "-isch"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Hunsrik",
"lang_code": "hrx",
"word": "-isch"
},
{
"lang": "Luxembourgish",
"lang_code": "lb",
"word": "-esch"
}
],
"lang": "Central Franconian",
"lang_code": "gmw-cfr"
},
{
"lang": "Vilamovian",
"lang_code": "wym",
"word": "-yś"
},
{
"lang": "Yiddish",
"lang_code": "yi",
"roman": "-ish",
"word": "־יש"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"-isc",
"-isc#Old_High_German:_adjective"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "goh:-isc<id:adjective>",
"id": "adjective",
"text": "+"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-iskaz\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-isk\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old High German\", \"term\" : \"-isc\", \"lang\" : \"goh\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle High German\", \"term\" : \"-isch\", \"lang\" : \"gmh\" }\" data-id=\"adjective\" data-lang=\"gmh\" data-title=\"-isch\" id=\"Middle_High_German:_adjective\">\nInherited from Old High German -isc.",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "goh:-isc<id:adjective>",
"id": "adjective",
"text": "+"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old High German -isc.",
"name": "etymon"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old High German -isc.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-isch",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "alp (“elf”) + -isch → elbisch (“elven”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"used to form adjectives"
],
"id": "en--isch-gmh-suffix-tpGKR4ue",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "9 14 15 2 6 18 5 13 2 6 11",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using catfix",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 15 15 2 6 18 5 14 1 3 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "11 15 15 1 5 19 5 16 1 2 10",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "10 15 15 2 5 17 5 13 1 4 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"text": "Ītālia (“Italy”) + -isch → ītālisch (“Italian”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"used to form demonyms"
],
"id": "en--isch-gmh-suffix-0LgW3xOT",
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/iʃ/",
"note": "before 13ᵗʰ CE"
}
],
"word": "-isch"
}
{
"categories": [
"Dutch adjective-forming suffixes",
"Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"Dutch lemmas",
"Dutch neuter suffixes",
"Dutch proper noun-forming suffixes",
"Dutch suffixes",
"Dutch suffixes with red links in their headword lines",
"Dutch terms borrowed from German",
"Dutch terms derived from German",
"Middle High German entries with etymology texts",
"Middle High German entries with etymon",
"Middle High German entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle High German lemmas",
"Middle High German suffixes",
"Middle High German terms derived from Old High German",
"Middle High German terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle High German terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle High German terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle High German terms inherited from Old High German",
"Middle High German terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle High German terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle High German terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle High German terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymon"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"lang_code": "af",
"word": "-ies"
},
{
"lang": "Indonesian",
"lang_code": "id",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-is"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"-isch",
"-isch#German:_adjective"
],
[
"-s",
"-s#Dutch"
],
[
"-sch",
"-sch#Dutch"
],
[
"-ish",
"-ish#English"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "de",
"3": "-isch<id:adjective>"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from German -isch",
"name": "bor+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from German -isch. The native Dutch cognates are -s, earlier -sch. The pronunciation /is/ is due to an earlier pronunciation standard, by which all German vowels were to be tense. (The contemporary German standard pronunciation is /ɪʃ/.) More at -ish.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ischer",
"tags": [
"comparative"
]
},
{
"form": "meest -isch",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ischt",
"tags": [
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "nl-decl-adj",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "-isch",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"adverbial",
"positive",
"predicative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ischer",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"adverbial",
"comparative",
"predicative"
]
},
{
"form": "het -ischt",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"adverbial",
"predicative",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "het -ischte",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"adverbial",
"predicative",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ische",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"positive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ischere",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"feminine",
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ischte",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"feminine",
"indefinite",
"masculine",
"singular",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "-isch",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"neuter",
"positive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ischer",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"indefinite",
"neuter",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-ischte",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"neuter",
"singular",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ische",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"plural",
"positive"
]
},
{
"form": "-ischere",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"indefinite",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-ischte",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"indefinite",
"plural",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ische",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"positive"
]
},
{
"form": "-ischere",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"definite"
]
},
{
"form": "-ischte",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"definite",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "-isch",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"partitive",
"positive"
]
},
{
"form": "-ischers",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"partitive"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"partitive",
"superlative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ies",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "-isch (adjective-forming suffix, comparative -ischer, superlative meest -isch or -ischt)",
"name": "nl-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {},
"name": "nl-decl-adj"
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "elektrolyt (“electrolyte”) + -isch → elektrolytisch (“electrolytic”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "behaviorist (“behaviorist”, noun) + -isch → behavioristisch (“behaviorist”, adjective)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "utopie (“utopia”) + -isch → utopisch (“utopian”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"-ic, -ian; forms relational adjectives from nouns"
],
"links": [
[
"-ic",
"-ic"
],
[
"-ian",
"-ian"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "Egypte (“Egypt”) + -isch → Egyptisch (“Egyptian”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Belarus (“Belarus”) + -isch → Belarussisch (“Belarusian”)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Californië (“California”) + -isch → Californisch (“Californian”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"-ian, -ese; forms demonym adjectives from proper nouns"
],
"links": [
[
"-ian",
"-ian"
],
[
"-ese",
"-ese"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/is/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪs/",
"note": "Some southern dialects"
}
],
"word": "-isch"
}
{
"categories": [
"Dutch adjective-forming suffixes",
"Dutch entries with incorrect language header",
"Dutch lemmas",
"Dutch neuter suffixes",
"Dutch proper noun-forming suffixes",
"Dutch suffixes",
"Dutch suffixes with red links in their headword lines",
"Dutch terms borrowed from German",
"Dutch terms derived from German",
"Middle High German entries with etymology texts",
"Middle High German entries with etymon",
"Middle High German entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle High German lemmas",
"Middle High German suffixes",
"Middle High German terms derived from Old High German",
"Middle High German terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle High German terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle High German terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle High German terms inherited from Old High German",
"Middle High German terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle High German terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle High German terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle High German terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymon"
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"-isch",
"-isch#German:_adjective"
],
[
"-s",
"-s#Dutch"
],
[
"-sch",
"-sch#Dutch"
],
[
"-ish",
"-ish#English"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "nl",
"2": "de",
"3": "-isch<id:adjective>"
},
"expansion": "Borrowed from German -isch",
"name": "bor+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Borrowed from German -isch. The native Dutch cognates are -s, earlier -sch. The pronunciation /is/ is due to an earlier pronunciation standard, by which all German vowels were to be tense. (The contemporary German standard pronunciation is /ɪʃ/.) More at -ish.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-ies",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "n"
},
"expansion": "-isch n (proper noun-forming suffix)",
"name": "nl-proper noun"
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "Egypte (“Egypt”) + -isch → Egyptisch (“Egyptian”, language)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Belarus (“Belarus”) + -isch → Belarussisch (“Belarusian”, language)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"text": "Etrusk (“Etruscan person”) + -isch → Etruskisch (“Etruscan”, language)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"-ian, -ese; forms names of languages from proper nouns"
],
"links": [
[
"-ian",
"-ian"
],
[
"-ese",
"-ese"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"neuter"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/is/"
},
{
"ipa": "/ɪs/",
"note": "Some southern dialects"
}
],
"word": "-isch"
}
{
"categories": [
"German adjective-forming suffixes",
"German entries with etymology texts",
"German entries with etymon",
"German entries with incorrect language header",
"German lemmas",
"German suffixes",
"German terms derived from Middle High German",
"German terms derived from Old High German",
"German terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"German terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"German terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"German terms inherited from Middle High German",
"German terms inherited from Old High German",
"German terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"German terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"German terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle High German entries with etymology texts",
"Middle High German entries with etymon",
"Middle High German entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle High German lemmas",
"Middle High German suffixes",
"Middle High German terms derived from Old High German",
"Middle High German terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle High German terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle High German terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle High German terms inherited from Old High German",
"Middle High German terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle High German terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle High German terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle High German terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymon"
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"lang_code": "af",
"word": "-ies"
},
{
"lang": "Indonesian",
"lang_code": "id",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-is"
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-isch"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"lang_code": "af",
"word": "-ies"
},
{
"lang": "Indonesian",
"lang_code": "id",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-is"
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-ies"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"-isch",
"-isch#Middle_High_German:_adjective"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "gmh:-isch<id:adjective>",
"id": "adjective",
"text": "+"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-iskaz\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-isk\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old High German\", \"term\" : \"-isc\", \"lang\" : \"goh\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle High German\", \"term\" : \"-isch\", \"lang\" : \"gmh\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"German\", \"term\" : \"-isch\", \"lang\" : \"de\" }\" data-id=\"adjective\" data-lang=\"de\" data-title=\"-isch\" id=\"German:_adjective\">\nInherited from Middle High German -isch.",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "gmh:-isch<id:adjective>",
"id": "adjective",
"text": "+"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Middle High German -isch.",
"name": "etymon"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Middle High German -isch.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "de",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "adjective-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-isch",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"pos": "suffix",
"related": [
{
"word": "-'sch"
},
{
"word": "-sch"
},
{
"word": "-lich"
},
{
"word": "-ig"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"an adjectival suffix, often matching -ic and -ical"
],
"links": [
[
"-ic",
"-ic#English"
],
[
"-ical",
"-ical#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"of a nationality, or the language associated with a nationality; often matches -ish or -ian"
],
"links": [
[
"-ish",
"-ish#English"
],
[
"-ian",
"-ian#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/ɪʃ/",
"tags": [
"standard"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/əʃ/",
"note": "in common speech",
"tags": [
"variant"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q188 (deu)-Frank C. Müller--isch.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/51/LL-Q188_%28deu%29-Frank_C._M%C3%BCller--isch.wav/LL-Q188_%28deu%29-Frank_C._M%C3%BCller--isch.wav.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/51/LL-Q188_%28deu%29-Frank_C._M%C3%BCller--isch.wav/LL-Q188_%28deu%29-Frank_C._M%C3%BCller--isch.wav.ogg"
}
],
"word": "-isch"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle English adjective-forming suffixes",
"Middle English entries with etymon",
"Middle English entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle English lemmas",
"Middle English suffixes",
"Middle English terms borrowed from Old French",
"Middle English terms derived from Old English",
"Middle English terms derived from Old French",
"Middle English terms derived from Old Norse",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle English terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Old English",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle English terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle High German entries with etymology texts",
"Middle High German entries with etymon",
"Middle High German entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle High German lemmas",
"Middle High German suffixes",
"Middle High German terms derived from Old High German",
"Middle High German terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle High German terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle High German terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle High German terms inherited from Old High German",
"Middle High German terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle High German terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle High German terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle High German terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymon"
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"word": "-ish"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"raw_tags": [
"non-productive"
],
"word": "-s"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-ish"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "-is"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"raw_tags": [
"non-productive"
],
"word": "-s"
},
{
"lang": "Scots",
"lang_code": "sco",
"word": "-ish"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Scots",
"lang_code": "gmw-msc",
"word": "-isch"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"-isċ",
"-isc#Old_English"
],
[
"*-isk",
"Reconstruction:Proto-West Germanic/-isk"
],
[
"*-iskaz",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-iskaz"
],
[
"-ais",
"-ais#Old_French"
],
[
"-eis",
"-eis#Old_French"
],
[
"-isk",
"-isk#Old_Norse"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "ang:-isċ<id:-ish>",
"id": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-iskaz\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-isk\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old English\", \"term\" : \"-isċ\", \"lang\" : \"ang\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle English\", \"term\" : \"-isch\", \"lang\" : \"enm\" }\" data-id=\"adjective\" data-lang=\"enm\" data-title=\"-isch\" id=\"Middle_English:_adjective\">",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "",
"2": "i",
"3": "I"
},
"expansion": "I",
"name": "yesno"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "Inherited"
},
"expansion": "Inherited",
"name": "glossary"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-isċ",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"g": "",
"g2": "",
"g3": "",
"id": "",
"lit": "",
"nocat": "",
"pos": "",
"sc": "",
"sort": "",
"tr": "",
"ts": ""
},
"expansion": "Old English -isċ",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "ang",
"3": "-isċ"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old English -isċ",
"name": "inh+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gmw-pro",
"3": "*-isk"
},
"expansion": "Proto-West Germanic *-isk",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "gem-pro",
"3": "*-iskaz"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Germanic *-iskaz",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "fro",
"3": "-ais"
},
"expansion": "Old French -ais",
"name": "bor"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "non",
"3": "-isk"
},
"expansion": "Old Norse -isk",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "ang:-isċ<id:-ish>",
"id": "adjective"
},
"expansion": "",
"name": "etymon"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old English -isċ, from Proto-West Germanic *-isk, from Proto-Germanic *-iskaz, with some forms and senses influenced by Old French -ais, -eis and and Old Norse -isk.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "-as",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ce",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ech",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-es",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-esh",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-eshe",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-esse",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ez",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ich",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-iche",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ichs",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-iȝsh",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ijs",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-is",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-isc",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-isce",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ische",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ise",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ish",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ishe",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ishs",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-iske",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-issce",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-isse",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-sæ",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ych",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yche",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ychs",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yȝsh",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ys",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ysc",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ysce",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yse",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ysh",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yshe",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yshs",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yske",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yssce",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yssch",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yssche",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ysse",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-yssh",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "-ysshe",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "enm",
"2": "suffix",
"cat2": "adjective-forming suffixes"
},
"expansion": "-isch",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle English",
"lang_code": "enm",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"Affixed to proper nouns to form names of ethnic groups, languages, and nationalities."
],
"links": [
[
"proper noun",
"proper noun#English"
],
[
"ethnic group",
"ethnic group#English"
],
[
"language",
"language#English"
],
[
"nationalities",
"nationality#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"Affixed to nouns to form adjectives denoting similarity to the base noun."
],
"links": [
[
"noun",
"noun#English"
],
[
"adjective",
"adjective#English"
],
[
"denoting",
"denote#English"
],
[
"similarity",
"similarity#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Middle English terms with uncommon senses"
],
"glosses": [
"Affixed to place names to form demonyms."
],
"links": [
[
"place name",
"place name#English"
],
[
"demonym",
"demonym#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncommon) Affixed to place names to form demonyms."
],
"tags": [
"morpheme",
"uncommon"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Late Middle English",
"Middle English terms with uncommon senses"
],
"glosses": [
"Affixed to other adjectives to weaken the sense; rather, somewhat."
],
"links": [
[
"adjective",
"adjective#English"
],
[
"weaken",
"weaken#English"
],
[
"sense",
"sense#English"
],
[
"rather",
"rather"
],
[
"somewhat",
"somewhat"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(uncommon, Late Middle English) Affixed to other adjectives to weaken the sense; rather, somewhat."
],
"tags": [
"Late-Middle-English",
"morpheme",
"uncommon"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/-iʃ/"
},
{
"ipa": "/-is/",
"tags": [
"Northern",
"especially"
]
}
],
"word": "-isch"
}
{
"categories": [
"Middle High German entries with etymology texts",
"Middle High German entries with etymon",
"Middle High German entries with incorrect language header",
"Middle High German lemmas",
"Middle High German suffixes",
"Middle High German terms derived from Old High German",
"Middle High German terms derived from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle High German terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle High German terms derived from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle High German terms inherited from Old High German",
"Middle High German terms inherited from Proto-Germanic",
"Middle High German terms inherited from Proto-Indo-European",
"Middle High German terms inherited from Proto-West Germanic",
"Middle High German terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages using catfix",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymon"
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"lang_code": "af",
"word": "-ies"
},
{
"lang": "Indonesian",
"lang_code": "id",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-is"
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-isch"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Afrikaans",
"lang_code": "af",
"word": "-ies"
},
{
"lang": "Indonesian",
"lang_code": "id",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-is"
}
],
"lang": "Dutch",
"lang_code": "nl",
"raw_tags": [
"borrowed"
],
"word": "-ies"
}
],
"lang": "German",
"lang_code": "de",
"word": "-isch"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Hunsrik",
"lang_code": "hrx",
"word": "-isch"
},
{
"lang": "Luxembourgish",
"lang_code": "lb",
"word": "-esch"
}
],
"lang": "Central Franconian",
"lang_code": "gmw-cfr"
},
{
"lang": "Vilamovian",
"lang_code": "wym",
"word": "-yś"
},
{
"lang": "Yiddish",
"lang_code": "yi",
"roman": "-ish",
"word": "־יש"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"-isc",
"-isc#Old_High_German:_adjective"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "goh:-isc<id:adjective>",
"id": "adjective",
"text": "+"
},
"expansion": "[Appendix:Glossary#inherited|Inherited]] from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-iskaz\", \"lang\" : \"gem-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-West Germanic\", \"term\" : \"*-isk\", \"lang\" : \"gmw-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Old High German\", \"term\" : \"-isc\", \"lang\" : \"goh\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang_name\" : \"Middle High German\", \"term\" : \"-isch\", \"lang\" : \"gmh\" }\" data-id=\"adjective\" data-lang=\"gmh\" data-title=\"-isch\" id=\"Middle_High_German:_adjective\">\nInherited from Old High German -isc.",
"name": "etymon"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "goh:-isc<id:adjective>",
"id": "adjective",
"text": "+"
},
"expansion": "Inherited from Old High German -isc.",
"name": "etymon"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Inherited from Old High German -isc.",
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gmh",
"2": "suffix"
},
"expansion": "-isch",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Middle High German",
"lang_code": "gmh",
"pos": "suffix",
"senses": [
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "alp (“elf”) + -isch → elbisch (“elven”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"used to form adjectives"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
},
{
"examples": [
{
"text": "Ītālia (“Italy”) + -isch → ītālisch (“Italian”)",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"used to form demonyms"
],
"tags": [
"morpheme"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/iʃ/",
"note": "before 13ᵗʰ CE"
}
],
"word": "-isch"
}
Download raw JSONL data for -isch meaning in All languages combined (23.8kB)
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1698",
"msg": "unrecognized head form: adjective-forming suffix",
"path": [
"-isch"
],
"section": "Dutch",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-isch",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1698",
"msg": "unrecognized head form: proper noun-forming suffix",
"path": [
"-isch"
],
"section": "Dutch",
"subsection": "suffix",
"title": "-isch",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-10-30 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-10-01 using wiktextract (19f9a30 and 6f96ddf). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.